The Journal of Research in Social Sciences (JRSS) (e-ISSN: 2306-112X; p-ISSN: 2305-6533) is a bi-annual, peer-reviewed and open-access academic journal published by the Faculty of Social Sciences (FSS) at the National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Pakistan. Recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan, JRSS serves as a leading intellectual platform for researchers, social scientists, educators, and scholars to publish and disseminate original, high-quality research. Established in 2013, JRSS remains dedicated to academic excellence by promoting innovative, relevant, and impactful research. In recognition of its scholarly contributions and commitment to quality, the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan elevated the journal to ‘Category Y’ status in 2016. Current Issue vol 14 (2) - June 2026
National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Islamabad
Effect of Swimming on Body Image and Self-Esteem in Adults
Engagement in physical and athletic activities may enhance body image and psychological well-being; however, evidence on the effects of swimming on body image and self-esteem among adults remains limited. To determine the effect of swimming on body image (BI) and self-esteem (SE)among adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted over six months in various swimming facilities in Lahore, Pakistan, including the University of Lahore Sports Complex, Punjab University Swimming Team, Punjab International Swimming Complex, and HUFC Swimming Pool. A total of 70 participants (25 males, 45 females) were recruited using convenience sampling. Data were collected using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Body Image Scale (BIS). Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were applied. Participants showed a mean body image score of 50.10 ± 7.55 and self-esteem score of 13.40 ± 4.03. Regression analysis showed a significant positive association between swimming and body image (p < 0.001), whereas swimming demonstrated a significant negative association with self-esteem (p < 0.001). The practitioners may promote swimming activities and incorporate such activities into health promotional and recreational programs as an effective strategy for enhancing body image among adults. Swimming may contribute to more positive BI among adults; however, its impact on SE appears to be more complex and not uniformly beneficial. These findings highlight the need to consider broader psychological factors when evaluating the psychological outcomes of physical activity participants.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Pakistan’s Foreign Policy in a Multiplex World: The Logic of Hedging
The international order is undergoing profound transformation, generating renewed debate over the concepts through which it should be understood. While much of the existing discourse describes these changes in terms of multipolarity, this paper posits that the concept of ‘multiplexity’, which takes into account both the multiplicity of actors and the complexity of their interactions, provides a more comprehensive explanation of the nature, dynamics, and organisation of the emerging order. Using a qualitative and interpretive research design based on academic literature, official documents, and expert insights, the study examines the implications of an increasingly multiplex international system for Pakistan’s foreign policy. It argues that while balancing and bandwagoning remain important strategic responses to changes in the distribution of power, neither provides a satisfactory framework for advancing Pakistan’s interests in the contemporary international order. The paper concludes that hedging offers Islamabad the most viable strategy for managing competing security, economic, and diplomatic interests while preserving flexibility.
War and Economy in Syria: A Socioeconomic Analysis up to Julani’s Ascendancy
This study examines the socioeconomic dimensions of the Syrian conflict from the outbreak of the Arab Spring in 2011 to the political transition that followed the fall of Bashar al-Assad’s regime in 2024. The research investigates whether the Syrian conflict is more effectively explained through the Greed and Grievance framework or the Frustration-Aggression Theory of armed conflict. Specifically, it addresses the following questions: (1) What socioeconomic factors contributed to the outbreak and persistence of the Syrian civil war? (2) To what extent do the Greed and Grievance and Frustration-Aggression theories explain the Syrian case? and (3) How have economic inequality, youth unemployment, corruption, and democratic deficit shaped patterns of conflict and instability in Syria? Employing a qualitative and analytical research design, the study draws upon secondary sources, conflict literature, policy reports, and socioeconomic indicators to assess the drivers of unrest and violence. The findings suggest that while elements of grievance are evident, the Syrian conflict is more comprehensively explained through the Frustration-Aggression framework. Prolonged economic hardship, limited employment opportunities, entrenched corruption, political exclusion, and restrictions on political participation generated widespread frustration that eventually transformed into collective mobilization and violent conflict. The study concludes that socioeconomic deprivation and institutional failure played a central role in shaping the trajectory of the Syrian crisis and contributed significantly to the erosion of social stability and state legitimacy.
Containing Digital Extremism and Anti- State Narrative in Pakistan: The Role of State and Society
This study aims to explore the dynamics of online anti-state extremist narratives in Pakistan and assess the effectiveness of state and societal responses to this growing challenge. Following the enactment of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) in 2016, Pakistan’s cybercrime framework particularly measures addressing digital radicalization has undergone periodic amendments; accordingly, this study covers the period from 2016 to 2025. Social Identity Theory examines how extremist groups use social media to radicalize individuals, while Gatekeeper Theory provides a lens to examine how state and societal actors regulate and control online extremist content. A mixed-methods approach is employed, combining qualitative analysis of policies, legal frameworks, and case studies of online extremism in Pakistan with content analysis of extremist material and counter-narratives. The findings reveal that major social media platforms, including Facebook, YouTube, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and WhatsApp, are widely exploited for youth radicalization and recruitment by extremist groups in Pakistan. The study further identifies weaknesses in state surveillance mechanisms, along with insufficient engagement by political, nationalist, religious leadership, and civil society in promoting effective counter-narratives.
The U.S. Indo-Pacific Strategy and Its Implications for the Stability of the South China Sea
This research analyzes some of the political and military intentions of the United States (US) in South China Sea (SCS), the hard contested region of substantial geopolitical, economic, and strategic significance. Preserving the freedom of passage in a heavily traversed maritime trade route stands as a crucial imperative for the US, thereby ensuring the uninterrupted flow of international trade. Abundant natural resources, such as oil reserves and fisheries, also attract US attention. The motivation behind this quest arises from the recognition of the significant role played by global market stability and the endorsement of states' privileges to independently harness their resources. This research investigates the geopolitical dimension of the United States' policy to counter China's assertive territorial claims. The article emphasizes the importance of the US military presence and relationships in the area, highlighting their important role in the security-oriented Indo-Pacific Strategy.
Parental Stress, and Parental Self-Efficacy as Determinants of Work-Family and Family-Work Conflict among Working Fathers
Present study examined the relationships among work-to-family conflict (WFC), family-to-work conflict (FWC), parental self-efficacy (PSE) and parental stress in full-time employed fathers. Total sample of one hundred fathers (N=100), aged 22-52, with their children aged between 1-12 years, were selected through snowball-purposive sampling technique. The data was collected using the Brief Parental Self-Efficacy Scale (BPSES; Woolgar et al., 2023), the Parental Stress Scale (PSS; Berry & Jones, 1995), and the Work-Family Conflict Scale (WAFCS; Carlson, Kacmar, & Williams, 2000). Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results showed significant positive correlations of both WFC and FWC with parental stress. However, parental self-efficacy (PSE) has a significant but week positive correlation both with WFC and parental stress scale, while FWC-PSE showed no significant correlation. On the basis of these results, findings suggested WFC has significant association with parental stress, while PSE may inconsistently increase stress due to performance pressures. This study addresses a gap in literature, enhancing understanding of working fathers' mental health and their work-life balance. Future implications highlight the critical role of work-family conflict in shaping employee well-being, specifically for working fathers, and its impact on organizational success and sustainable development. Suggesting family-friendly policies to reduce stress and enhance parental self-efficacy can boost job satisfaction, productivity, and workplace resilience. Prioritizing work-life balance supports long-term economic stability and fosters a healthier, more sustainable workforce.
Leading by Serving: How Wisconsin K–12 Administrators Navigated the COVID-19 Pandemic
This mixed-methods study examines how Wisconsin public school administrators enacted servant leadership while navigating the unprecedented disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. A statewide survey was sent to 1, 909 K-12 administrators, with 135 completed responses. The study utilized the 28-item Servant Leadership Questionnaire (SLQ) and open-ended questions to explore how these leaders balanced instructional continuity, student health, and staff well-being. Quantitative analyses revealed that administrators, on average, strongly exhibited servant leadership, particularly in the domains of ‘helping followers grow and succeed’, ‘emotional healing,’ and ‘putting followers first’. However, ‘behaving ethically ‘and ‘creating value for the community’ were only moderately present. Thematic analysis of the qualitative data showed that core values of relational and ethical leadership drove administrators to adopt ‘serving first’ behaviors, such as being present, listening actively, and providing resources. Findings suggest that a servant leadership framework was instrumental for administrators in fostering a sense of shared purpose and emotional healing, which were critical for navigating the crisis. These insights have implications for preparing future educational leaders to manage similar large-scale disruptions. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Elannani
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Health Beliefs, Food Habits, and Appearance Schemas in Individuals with Centripetal Obesity: A Descriptive Study
Centripetal obesity refers to excessive visceral fat in which the abdomen protrudes, having a pot-like belly. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out to examine the distribution of health beliefs, food habits, and appearance schemas across diverse demographic, clinical, and health factors. The participants (N =140) with a mean age of M = 38.60, S.D = 10.79, comprised of individuals with a BMI > 30, visceral fat for women >32, and men >36 inches (IDF, 2007), were recruited from weight loss clinics, bariatric surgery centers, and from the general population of Lahore. Most of the previous studies highlighted that centripetal obese individuals are vulnerable to various chronic diseases, but limited research has addressed health beliefs, eating habits, and appearance schemes in these individuals. So, the descriptive study was carried out, and findings revealed that the majority of the individuals reported moderate importance to functional beliefs (one’s ability to carry out daily tasks), biomedical beliefs (absence of illness), wellbeing beliefs (vitality), had healthy food habits, and were highly concerned about appearance schemas. The study variables differed across age, gender, education, birth order, marital status, duration of obesity, waist circumference, BMI, and screen time. Monthly family income emerged as a negative predictor of appearance schemas, with lower income associated with higher appearance concern. The findings highlighted the significance of demographic, clinical, and health factors in shaping their health beliefs, food habits, and appearance schemas. Furthermore, the study can help in reducing weight-related stigmatization, targeted interventions to promote healthy food choices, providing culturally relevant psychological counselling, and addressing these issues in vulnerable populations, which may reduce body dissatisfaction and improve overall health outcomes. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Copyright (c) 2025 Sameen Khalid, Fatima Kamran
The Abraham Accords and the Strategic Reshaping of the Middle Eastern Order: A Postcolonial and Settler-Colonial Analysis from the Palestinian Perspective
This article examines the 2020 Abraham Accords as a turning point in Arab–Israeli diplomacy and a strategic reshaping of the Middle Eastern order. Through qualitative comparison with Camp David, Oslo, and Wadi Araba, it shows that normalisation has been detached from any commitment to Palestinian statehood and instead anchored in shared threat perceptions (especially Iran), economic diversification, and U.S.-backed realignment. Using postcolonial and settler-colonial theory, the study interprets the Accords as reproducing colonial hierarchies of power and discourse, legitimising Israel's settler project, and further marginalising Palestinian agency. Document analysis and critical discourse analysis of official texts, policy debates, and societal reactions indicate that the Accords weakened Arab collective leverage on Palestine, eroded prospects for a just two-state settlement, and provoked rising popular resistance to normalisation after Gaza. The article concludes that any stability produced by the Accords is fragile unless Palestinian rights and decolonial justice are meaningfully centred. Conflict of Interest: The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The author confirms that no participants were involved in this study. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Copyright (c) 2025 Khurram Shahzad Siddiqui
Strategic Disruption from Space: Operation Bunyan al-Marsoos and the Future of Regional Space Warfare
The process of militarization of the outer space ceased to be a mere speculation and became a subject of acute concern in terms of the modern strategic rivalry. The paper will concentrate on such activities as the Pakistani application of space-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), cyber-electronic warfare, and precision-guided systems in the creation of a multidomain deterrence stance. This shift of the reactive to the proactive is reflected as a significant shift of doctrine to the concept of asymmetric space denial and disruption of the real-time decision cycle. The next phase, the Iran-Israel-U.S. tensions proved the real power of such courses of action, where Iran launched the same space-cyber attack on technically advanced adversaries. With space emerging as a significant aspect of the contemporary battleground, it is now time to underline the urgent necessity to guarantee the Pakistani participation in space control in the region as the unmitigated militarization starts to give birth to uncovered conflict.
Metacognitive Practices in Saudi EFL Classrooms: A Glaserian Grounded Theory Approach
This study investigates Saudi Arabian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers' preferences for metacognitive strategy instruction and the factors influencing its classroom implementation. Utilizing a Glaserian grounded theory approach to develop a theoretical model, the research adopted a qualitative methodology. Data collection involved video-recorded observations of three teachers, followed by semi-structured interviews integrating stimulated recall, and subsequent data verification. Findings revealed that the integration of specialized EFL teacher education with strategic pedagogical practices directly nurtures autonomous learning skills in EFL learners. The study identified effective classroom management and an adaptable pedagogical approach as two main factors critically impacting this process. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that no participants were involved in this study. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Copyright (c) 2025 Ejaz Ahmed, Zaimuariffudin Shukri Nordin
Security Challenges in Nuclearized IOR: Implications of AUKUS, QUAD and Emerging Alliances
The Indian Ocean region (IOR), stretching from north Arabian sea to Australia, is becoming dangerous for its 42 littoral states due to emerging conflict zones viz, global chaos. More nuclear actors, both declared and undeclared such as Iran, Israel and Pakistan are moving in, hence increasing the complexity of the recognized maritime picture. IOR is home to global trade and essential energy supplies around the world; hence, any conflict here, shall impact global trade and energy security in more than one way. More so, nuclear neighbours with pending disputes, simmering flash points and potential hot spots inter alia, murkiness of undersea activities by regional and extra-regional actors, present a clear danger. This needs to be evaluated in the backdrop of obtaining environment and suggest a collaborative mechanism to pool up resources, modulate mutual expertise, synchronise actions, and synergise efforts to minimize threats, especially to non-nuclear states of IOR due to any “intentional incident or unforeseen accident”. This paper argues that the growing nuclearization of the IOR, driven by alliances such as AUKUS and QUAD, increases the risk of escalation and endangers littoral states. A collaborative regional framework is proposed to mitigate the threats.
Unveiling Smoke Signals: An Empirical Examination of the Escalating Smoking Trend in Pakistan and Its Dual Impact on Health and Economy
This empirical study investigates the rising prevalence of smoking in Pakistan and its subsequent effects on health, economy and societal well-being using cross-sectional data. We have used statistical tools such as ANOVA and correlation analysis to analyse the results. Thirteen hundred and seventy-five (1375) participants took part in this survey across eight cities, and the dataset was collected through a study of smokers. Our findings reveal that more than 68% proportion of smokers belong to the lower income group. Moreover, 58.20% of uneducated individuals smoked compared to 39.73% of educated individuals. Results reveal that the smoking trend among emerging adults is increasing, and participants aged 55 and above suffer from more health issues due to smoking. Despite the higher health risk associated with smoking, ominously, the prevalence rate is rising speedily, which can eventually contribute to numerous health diseases. The economic costs, both in terms of wasted money spent on smoking and expenses incurred due to associated health issues, underscore the negative impact on public health and society. Results of this study reveal that more taxes should be levied on tobacco to discourage smoking among low-income groups. Finally, anti-smoking campaigns, health literacy programs, and seminars should be organized in institutions and public places. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article, and that the data presented have not been fabricated or falsified. Funding: This research did not receive any specific grant or financial support from public, commercial, or not-for profit funding agencies. Participant Consent: The authors confirm that Informed consent was obtained from all participants, and confidentiality was duly maintained. Data Fabrication/Falsification Statement: The author(s) declare that no data have been fabricated, falsified, or manipulated in this study. Copyright: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ali, Waqar Ameer, Muhammad Hassan Danish
From Parliament to Public Square: The Normalization of Hate Speech in Pakistani Political Discourse
The current study examines how hate speech has become more commonplace in Pakistani political discourse, following its development from National Assembly sessions to the Senate and beyond. The media serves as a conduit for this hate speech, amplifying and digitally spreading it throughout the populace. The research highlights important discursive techniques such heterogeneity, fear appeals, religious and ethnic marginalization, and abusive labeling using a strictly qualitative approach that combines critical discourse analysis of parliamentary debates and social media content. The findings also reveal a recurring pattern: political celebrities use hate speech in their speeches to criminalize opponents and to create an atmosphere of excitement, and media outlets further magnify these stories, captivating the public and encouraging them to use the rhetoric in political contexts. The study also points to the normalization of hostility in public encounters and the perilous deterioration of democratic planning. This study is a valuable addition to Pakistan's political literature since it makes recommendations such as the implementation of strong restrictive frameworks, media literacy initiatives, and a collective sincerity from stakeholders to encourage an honorable and thorough discussion of Pakistan's political picture. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article
Rethinking the Dynamics of Bilateral Trade Between Pakistan and India Under Modi’s Regime: Implications for the Regional Political Economy of South Asia
This paper examines the tendency of bilateral trade between Pakistan and India during the tenure of Prime Minister Modi. Mutual relations between the two states have taken a new turn since Modi became the Prime Minister of India in 2014. In the first phase, bilateral trade relations were cordial due to surprise visits from both sides. In the second phase, the pattern of trade fluctuated with gradual increases and decreases, reflecting the dynamic geopolitical climate. Nonetheless, in the third phase, trade was suspended by Pakistan due to the revocation of Article 35-A. The reinstallation of Modi is once again a clear indication that trade talks will not be taken seriously, despite continuous efforts from the Pakistani side. Similarly, this study also sheds light on South Asia's challenges due to the weak and zilch bilateral economic relations between Pakistan and India. Against this backdrop, the central theme of the paper circles around the impacts of modi-nomics on the bilateral relations between Pakistan and India. The current study is significant for academics, politicians, policymakers, and political economists to know how the mutual hostility between Pakistan and India has reshaped the region's economic relations and has made South Asia the least-integrated region of the world. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article
Drug Abuse Among Youths In Eswatini: Causes And Possible Intervention Strategies
The escalating prevalence of drug abuse among youths in Eswatini poses a significant threat to development, education, and public health, reflecting broader trends in Southern Africa. Despite increased attention on the rising prevalence of drug abuse in Africa, limited qualitative research captures the lived experiences and contextual factors of drug abuse among youths in Eswatini. To address this gap, this research explored the determinants of drug abuse among youths, identified drug types, and informed context-specific prevention strategies. A phenomenological approach, grounded in the interpretivist paradigm, was adopted to enhance the appreciation of participants’ multiple realities. Semi-structured interviews with youths and a focus group discussion with parents were conducted for data collection. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed individual, home, school, sociocultural, and environmental factors as determinants of drug abuse. Notably, the study identified Lea and Rocky as emerging drugs of concern. Parental inclusion illuminated holistic insights into home and societal influences in multilevel interventions. Findings propose targeted training and education, community-based interventions, and national-level initiatives. Conclusively, drug abuse is multifaceted, which is critical for stakeholders designing Eswatini context-specific interventions Conflict of interest: The author has declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article
The Concept of Political Success: Reflections on Leftist Politics of Sindh
Success in politics plays a crucial role in today’s democratic societies. A political party is considered successful when it wins elections and assumes control of the government. The primary factors that determine political success generally include the party's voter base, organizational strength, cohesive narrative, political vision, resource mobilization, and policies that resonate with the socio-economic and religious context of the country. Left-wing parties in Sindh struggled with these critical components, failing to meet the established standards of political success. This paper examines the concept of political success through a critical study of Sindh’s leftist parties, utilizing qualitative methods and scholarly sources. The key findings of this paper demonstrate that left-wing parties fail to meet essential benchmarks of political success, including organizational structure, popular narrative, and electoral performance, leading to their irreversible decline Conflict of interest: The author has declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article
Regional Cooperation and SCO: Analyzing China’s Role in Regional Integration
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), a transcontinental intergovernmental alliance, serves as a critical regional body across Eurasia. It was originally established to address border disputes among China, Central Asian states, and Russia. China’s active engagement in the SCO reflects a broader shift in its foreign policy toward fostering regional integration, emphasizing political dialogue, security, and economic interdependence under the principles of the “Shanghai Spirit.” Although the SCO has strengthened regional security and expanded its membership, various challenges persist, including conflicting national interests and rivalries among member states—particularly between India and Pakistan, and between China and India. Despite these challenges, the SCO remains a cornerstone of China’s strategy to promote a multipolar world order, counter Western dominance, and reinvigorate its regional and global influence through peaceful multilateral engagement. This research aims to examine China’s evolving role within the SCO, highlighting its transition from a cautious participant to a leading force driving counterterrorism efforts, economic cooperation through initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and regional stability. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article
Power Transition in New Great Game: Strategic Options for Pakistan
Power transition in international politics is an ever-evolving approach owing to the rise and fall of the superpowers and great powers. Historically, the quest for more territories and resources has led to conflicts and wars between powerful empires and states, resulting in colonization, imperialism, and power transition. The first half of the 20th century witnessed long-running conflicts and wars among the great powers concerning power transition, which caused unheard-of violence and destruction in the history of humankind. However, in the second half of the foregoing century, the competing superpowers never resorted to direct confrontation during the Cold War but rather engaged in proxy conflicts and shadow wars by using proxy forces. The rise of China, the resurgence of Russia, and the emergence of transnational non-state actors in the early 21st century have ushered in the debate of power transition in international politics yet again. The 21st century power politics, based on geo-economics and the quest for energy resources and trade corridors, has been dubbed the New Great Game. Unlike the Cold War, the U.S. and China, the key players of the New Great Game, have avoided proxy confrontation by preferring competition and engagement. Pakistan, the closest U.S. ally during the Cold War and War on Terror, and now the closest ally of China in the emerging great-power competition, has fewer strategic options for maneuvering than ever before. This paper critically analyzes the future power transition in regional and far-regional geopolitics vis-à-vis the strategic options available to Pakistan’s policymakers and decision-makers.
CPEC and Inclusive Development of Balochistan: A Holistic Approach to Human Security and Sustainable Development
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is considered as a game changer in the global arena impacting the regional trade and infrastructural development with the cost of US$ 62 billion. The project seeks to establish a transportation and trade network which will connect the China’s Xinjiang province with Gwadar Port of Pakistan, situated in the southwestern province of Balochistan. Serving as a pivotal pearl within Chinese vast Belt and Road Initiative, the CPEC possesses the potential to enhance Pakistan’s geopolitical significance and open up opportunities for increased foreign investment. Nevertheless, being primarily sited in Balochistan, the CPEC offers vital implications for the province in particular and the whole of Pakistan in general. The article examines the potential impact of CPEC on power dynamics between China and Pakistan, as well as its influence on the economic policies, industrialization, and social infrastructure of Balochistan. It further seeks to evaluate the effects of CPEC on marginalised communities in Balochistan. Moreover, the study also evaluates the sustainability and long-term implications of the CPEC on the future development trajectory of Balochistan.
Impact of Psychosocial Factors on Quality of Life: A Case Study of End Stage Renal Disease
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) occurs when kidneys gradually lost its function. In Pakistan, the prevalence of ESRD is 37.9% of the adult population overall. This case study is describing how psychosocial factors have greater impact on client with ESRD, which ultimately influencing her overall quality of life (QoL). The client F.A was a 55 years old married female, diagnosed with ESRD due to Primary Hypertension and Type I Diabetes. Client was referred to trainee health psychologist for psychosocial assessment as a consequence of Hemodialysis. She was presented with the physical & psychological complaints such as fatigue due to low Hb level, muscles cramps and difficulty in breathing due to Myocardial Infraction (MI), irritability after diagnosis of ESRD, anger over little matters, automatic worrying thoughts regarding her condition and restlessness. An in-depth case history interview was carried out to gather information using both informal and formal assessments. 12 sessions have been conducted with the patient. These assessments covered all psychosocial aspects such as illness perception, health locus of control, health beliefs, perceived health status, perception of the doctor-patient relationship, perception of health care services, personality/life orientation, adherence (dietary, fluid, and medication), and QoL. The client found below average on QoL depicted through formal assessment and seemed to be non-adhere towards dietary habits, medication, and treatment of HCV or MI. In addition, she seemed to have negative illness perceptions, poor health status, maladaptive health beliefs, spiritual health locus of control and dissatisfied doctor-patient relationship. The intervention plan comprised of psychoeducation, cost and benefit analysis, coping statements, role playing technique, religious coping anger management, attention strategy technique, baseline chart and ABC model of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). The intervention plan showed significant improvement in managing psychosocial targeted areas. Keywords: End Stage Renal Disease, Psychosocial factors, Quality of Life
Pandemic-Induced changes in Travel Behaviour: Insights of Pandemic’s Lasting impacts on Lahore’s Urban Mobility
The COVID-19 epidemic, which began to spread globally in early 2020, created an abrupt change that has brought with it unimaginable challenges and profound adjustments to many elements and areas of human existence. This research delves into how the COVID-19 pandemic transformed travel patterns in Lahore, Pakistan. It analyzes the surveys conducted to understand people's travel behaviors before, during, and after the pandemic's peak. The survey consists of total 38 questions concerning about the travel pattern of participants in pre-pandemic, during pandemic and post-pandemic along with socioeconomic factors. Factor analysis has been used to analyse the collected data. For factor analysis seven latent variable have been determined. The results show a significant change in travel pattern of individuals. During the pandemic, public transportation utilization fell drastically, and this decline persisted long after restrictions were lifted. In the same manner, there was a decline in the use of carpooling and taxis, following a subsequent partial recovery. In addition, the pandemic appears to have pushed people towards habit of online shopping and some people and offices towards remote working. This shift towards virtual alternatives may have long-term effects as individuals get used to of these new schedules. Furthermore, there have been a decline in social visits such as family, friends and social works including expos, volunteer and community works. Essentially, the research highlights the COVID-19 pandemic as a watershed moment for travel patterns in Lahore. It triggered a rise in personal car use, a surge in remote work and online shopping, and a temporary decline in social visits by car. The research indicates that certain modifications, including the adoption of remote work and virtual communication, could eventually become standard practices, impacting urban living and working patterns.
Relationship Between Communication Skills and Classroom Management Skills of Elementary School Teachers
This study explores the relationship between communication skills and classroom management skills of elementary school teachers. It aims to evaluate the proficiency of teachers in communication, assess their classroom management abilities, and identify the correlation between these two critical skill sets. The study was conducted among female teachers of grades one to five in Rawalpindi's urban area, using a quantitative research design. A total of 93 teachers from government girls' elementary schools were selected through random sampling. Data was collected via a structured five-point Likert scale questionnaire, measuring dimensions of communication skills (verbal, non-verbal, written, visual) and classroom management skills (time, discipline, instructional, resource management). Data analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between communication skills and effective classroom management. Findings highlighted that the teachers with strong communication skills, particularly in writing and verbal communication, exhibited better classroom management. Conversely, deficiencies in specific communication domains negatively impacted instructional management. Based on these results, the study underscores the importance of teacher training programs focused on enhancing communication and classroom management skills in school teachers.
Chinese Investment in Latin America: A Case Study of Argentina, and Venezuela
This article examines the growing influence of Chinese investments in Latin America, focusing on Venezuela and Argentina. It explores how these countries benefit from Chinese capital and how this investment impacts their economies. Venezuela has relied on oil-backed loans to sustain its political system, worsening its economic challenges. In contrast, Argentina has channeled Chinese investment into infrastructure, including hydroelectric dams, nuclear plants, railway modernization, and energy diversification projects. The study highlights that while infrastructure investment can enhance economic stability and reduce reliance on further loans, both countries remain vulnerable due to their dependence on raw material exports. Despite these challenges, the study underscores that with institutional improvements and a shift toward diversification, such investments can contribute to sustainable growth in both nations. A qualitative research approach using secondary sources was employed to analyze the long-term implications of Chinese investments in these two economies.
China’s Ascendancy in the Digital Economy: An Appraisal
This article investigates the rapid growth of China’s digital economy over a past decade, highlighting its strategic alignment with global economic competition and technological advancements. To foster its digital economy, China has focused on two core development paths i.e., Digital Industrialization, which modernizes the telecommunications, IT sector and Industrial Digitalization, which upgrades traditional industries through technology like IoT, cloud computing, and AI. This study examines how digital infrastructure development, leading in 5-G technology, and fiber optic network has contributed to significant growth in China’s digital economy. By 2021, China has surpassed its digital economy by $7 Trillion, ranking it at the second position, just behind the US. (Breifing 2023). Under President Xi’s “Digital China” initiative and preferential policies and regulatory reforms, China has successfully enhanced its digital infrastructure while confronting the challenges of cyber security and governance through a state-led model. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of China’s digital strategies, the impact on Industrial upgrading, and the critical role of cybersecurity, thus offering the valuable insights into future trajectories for International digital economic competition, technological progress and cyber governance. This article employs a qualitative content analysis, relying on policy documents, strategic reports, and scholarly literature. In the midst of an increasingly competitive global economic order, China faces mounting cybersecurity challenges that not only test the resilience of its growth model but also shape its capacity to sustain influence as a leading actor on the world stage. Being the future of the global economic outlook, the digital economy will remain one of the key factors to propel the economic prosperity of China. Conflict of interest: The author has declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article
The Over-Politicization of Russian Battlefield Strategy in Ukraine
The extant literature lavishes its focus on understanding Russia’s motivation for starting a war against Ukraine and on the broader question of the role of technology in determining the outcome of war. This article, however, undertakes a comprehensive examination of the relatively ignored yet important aspect of adapting military strategy during the war through Russian experience. It demonstrates that the Russian strategists have shown adequate appreciation for the principle of adaptation in formulating military strategy. To this effect, it identifies and explains three distinct sequential adaptations in the Russian military strategy during the ongoing Ukrainian war. The analysis, conducted with thoroughness and rigor, demonstrates that the Russian armed forces made a relatively quicker transition from the show of force to offense to defense. It also delves into the factors that drove these adaptations. This research has implications for both theory and policy. On the theoretical side, it reinforces the organic relationship between strategy and war. On the policy side, it highlights the importance of adapting military strategy to contain and limit the scope of war.
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Cyber Security Threats to Iran and its Countermeasures: Defensive and Offensive Cyber Strategies
Iran's convoluted geopolitical status, its centrality to locale-specific wars, plus the shifting balance of the global order make cyber security a key issue worldwide in addition to traditional security challenges. Iran is an appealing target for cyber enemies due to its numerous security vulnerabilities, which include ransomware infection, scams, as well as complicated malware. Iran has taken a flexible stance, via collaboration, authorized, and intellectual tactics to counter these concerns. Forming cyber security teams, utilizing the latest innovations, and hiring competent employees are all examples of efforts in cyber defense. Legislative structures are essential for bringing criminals before the law and discouraging unlawful behaviour, but the dynamic nature of cyber threats makes it difficult to update rules. The goal is to keep information security and safety measures under check. The identification and mitigation of cyber dangers necessitate collaboration with various nations, global organizations, and corporations. Iran's cyberspace involvement shapes societal sentiment and upholds the will of the people, with both advantageous and hazardous repercussions. To bolster its application and balance its powerful adversaries, it employs cyber assaults in conjunction with conventional asymmetrical combat strategies. What is Iran's main cyber security concerns and challenges, and how is Iran addressing as well as tackling them, is the question that this study aims to answer.
Confidence as a Buffer Against Covid-19 Stigma: Enhancing Employee Engagement Among Recovered Individuals
Post-pandemic times have brought the challenge of declined, yet continued Covid-19 cases among the working Pakistani workforce. Social stigma related with Covid-19 and deteriorated employee engagement in such individuals is plausible. As employee engagement is an important indicator of individual and organizational success, elucidating factors that enhance the possible damaged engagement among socially stigmatized Covid-19 individuals remains an enigma for managers and practitioners. Drawing on the Social Determination Theory, (SDT) the present study hypothesizes that employee engagement in Covid-19 recovered, socially stigmatized working individuals is buffered by (employee) confidence. Several earlier studies that have probed into antecedents of employee engagement have largely focused on work-related aspects, while social aspects including social stigmatization and buffering mechanisms that underlie these effects have been overlooked. To address these literature gaps, this study investigates employee engagement as an outcome of Covid-19 related stigma and also investigates confidence as a moderator of the Covid-19 related stigma–employee engagement relationship. Employing a correlational framework using purposive sampling, data were obtained from 133 working individuals who had been tested positive with Covid-19 in public and private hospitals and health centers of Pakistan during November 2022 till March 2024, had completely recovered and joined their professional lives. Results confirmed study hypotheses, suggesting that stigma related to Covid-19 damages employee engagement, and that confidence is a moderator of this relationship. Such individuals and their managers need to collaboratively work in order to reduce effects of this social stigma and undo its negative effects on employee engagement. Theoretical and practical implication, future research suggestions are also offered at the end.
Meta-Analysis Study: Expectations of 21st Century Teaching from Pre-Service Teacher Education Programs
This study aims to investigate the expectations of 21st-century teaching from pre-service teacher education programs and to analyze the contemporary status of pre-service teacher education programs in developing 21st-century teaching skills among prospective teachers. The meta-analysis method was used to analyze previously conducted studies in the context of 21st-century teaching. The findings reveal that, to some extent, pre-service teacher education programs contribute to developing the 21st-century teaching skills by imparting theoretical knowledge, but there is a gap in the application of theory and pedagogical practices. Consequently, there is a pressing need to reconsider the pre-service teacher education programs to inculcate the essential teaching skills for 21st-century, such as collaborative learning, reflective thinking, social and emotional competencies, adaptive skills, communication skills, creativity and entrepreneurship skills, critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and ICT skills for teaching and social networking.
Civilizations at Odds: The Persistent Conflict Between Israel and Palestine
The question whether the issues in the Middle East stem from a clash of values or from Western imperialist intervention has long been a subject of scholarly discourse. This article posits around the discourse of ‘clash of civilizations’, which is an endeavor to uphold Western hegemony in the Middle East. Furthermore, it contends the narrative, that it functions as a self-fulfilling prophecy, exacerbating ongoing conflicts within the region. A complex interplay of factors encompassing ethnic, national, historical, and religious shapes the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The degree to which religion influences non-religious players, the identities of conflicting parties, the practical issues at hand, the relevant legislation, and their attitudes are not well acknowledged. This paper explains why West uses a distorted portrayal of conflicting civilizations as a powerful political tool and the risk of this narrative becoming a self-fulfilling prophecy that reshapes modern politics.