Containing Digital Extremism and Anti- State Narrative in Pakistan: The Role of State and Society

Abstract

This study aims to explore the dynamics of online anti-state extremist narratives in Pakistan and assess the effectiveness of state and societal responses to this growing challenge. Following the enactment of the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) in 2016, Pakistan’s cybercrime framework particularly measures addressing digital radicalization has undergone periodic amendments; accordingly, this study covers the period from 2016 to 2025. Social Identity Theory examines how extremist groups use social media to radicalize individuals, while Gatekeeper Theory provides a lens to examine how state and societal actors regulate and control online extremist content. A mixed-methods approach is employed, combining qualitative analysis of policies, legal frameworks, and case studies of online extremism in Pakistan with content analysis of extremist material and counter-narratives. The findings reveal that major social media platforms, including Facebook, YouTube, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and WhatsApp, are widely exploited for youth radicalization and recruitment by extremist groups in Pakistan. The study further identifies weaknesses in state surveillance mechanisms, along with insufficient engagement by political, nationalist, religious leadership, and civil society in promoting effective counter-narratives.